Bearing Pipes
Pipes designed for bearing loads, offering high strength and durability.
Line pipes used in sour service environments are specifically designed to withstand the corrosive effects of sour (H2S-containing) environments.
The line pipes can be used for a wide range of petrol and gas transportation under sour service environment.
Sunny Steel offer an extensive range of Line pipes used in sour service environment.
Sour service line pipes are produced accord to GB/T9711.3 and API 5L/ISO31813-2007.
Line pipe steels used in sour service are prone to hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) depending on metallurgical and environmental factors.
The metallurgical factors consist of alloying elements, microstructure, strength, segregation, and shape of non-metallic inclusions. Some environmental factors which influence HIC, also known as stepwise cracking (SWC), are the partial pressures of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon dioxide, temperature, pH of the medium, and aggressive ions, such as chloride. Many failures of sour gas line pipes have occurred around the world as a result of HIC.
Considerable effort has been expended by steel line pipe producers, users, and research organizations to understand the HIC mechanism, to develop a laboratory test method to identify and quantify material susceptibility to HIC, and to produce steels with greater HIC resistance. NACE International has developed a standard test, TM-02-84, for line pipe steels.
The method describes procedures for evaluating the resistance of pipeline steels to SWC induced by H absorption from aqueous sulfide corrosion. The test is applicable to line pipe with wall thicknesses of 5 mm to 30 mm. The procedure consists of exposing unstressed coupons to synthetic seawater saturated with H2S at ambient temperature and pressure at a pH in the range 4.8 to 5.4 for 96 h. The samples are sectioned, polished metallographically, and etched, if necessary, so that cracks can be distinguished from small inclusions, laminations, scratches, or discontinuities. Crack sensitivity ratio (CSR), crack length ratio (CLR), and crack thickness ratio (CTR) are calculated for each section. The average is determined for each coupon. In recent work by Canada’s Centre for Mineral and Energy.
Technology in collaboration with the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Sour Service Task Force, two parameters were determined experimentally for each of 19 line pipe steels:
(1) threshold H concentration (CthH) or the concentration of diffusible H in the steel above which cracking occurs and
(2) threshold pH (pHth) or the pH below which cracking occurs.
Sour services steel pipe is applied for pipelines in the corrosive environment.
As we know, line pipe corrosion is an important factor affecting its safety service and service life. It will cause the leakage of oil and gas pipeline, some cases even explosion.
Pipe corrosion has a big threaten to personal safety and environment pollution, so the production of sour service pipe is important. At present, the manufacture inspection standard for acid pipe mainly according to API Spec 5L.
1. Sour Service Pipe Definition
Sour service pipe mainly used in H2S environment. While H2S is a harmful chemicals that mostly easy to generate the corrosion.
According International regulation: When partial pressure of H2S reaches 300 pa, the line pipes used shall have the anti-acid corrosion performance.Sour service pipe includes NACE pipe.
2. How Sour Service Pipe Made
In API Spec 5L, the pipeline steel used for sour service pipe is purity fully-killed steel. (For normal line pipe steel material is grain-killed steel)
It shall be noted that, the high purity of steel can guarantee low S, P and other impurities.
In addition, the standard for the control and inspection of the inclusion shape of pipeline steel for sour service pipe is required. Because the hydrogen induced cracking caused by the inclusion is first determined in its form.
Moreover, As the pipeline steel production generally adopts controlled rolling process. Inclusion occur deformation during the rolling process. It is called linear or long strips in the rolling direction, leading to anisotropy of line pipe steel. Consequently, In order to improve the corrosion resistance of steel line pipe, the slag form should be controlled.
The content of C, P, S and carbon equivalent in the chemical composition of sour service pipe is relatively low than the normal line pipes, with a strictly control requirements. Especially for the content S, it is extremely harmful element in the corrosion environments, so for sour service pipe should control S maximum 0.002.
1). C and carbon equivalent effect to sour pipe
C and carbon equivalent: With the mass fraction of carbon increases, the HIC sensitivity increases. The reduction of carbon and carbon equivalent can improve the H2S corrosion resistance of pipeline steel. And it will generate the harmful martensite formulas, which is very sensitive to H bubbles for the hot rolled steel.
2). P element for sour pipe
The P element is an easy to segregation element, so the increase of phosphorus mass fraction will lead to the increase of banded structure, thus increasing the sensitivity of the steel HIC.
3). S element effect for sour pipe
S element can promote the occurrence of HIC, the higher the sulfur content of the pipe body material, the easier to produce HIC. In addition, the anti – SSC performance of the pipes with high sulfur content is poor.
4). Mn element
In order to ensure the carbon content in high grade pipeline steel, manganese is usually used to improve its strength. The influence of manganese on HIC resistance of pipeline steel is mainly divided into three kinds:
a. Hot rolled line pipe steel with carbon content of 0.05 % ~ 0. 15 %
When the manganese content is 1. 0 %, the HIC sensitivity will increase abruptly:
b. For the quenched and tempered line pipe steel
When the manganese content reaches 1.6 %, the hic resistance of the steel is not significantly affected by the manganese.
c. In case carbon content is less than 0.02 %
If carbon less 0.02%, even if the manganese content exceeds 2.0%, the pipe still has good HIC resistance.
4. Hardness requirement of sour service pipe
The hardness of the sour service pipe is strict, because the hardness value has a great influence on HIC. The results show that in low and medium strength steels, the higher the material strength, the greater the hardness, the stronger the HIC sensitivity.
5. Corrosion test
In API 5L for sour service pipe, the hardness value of the base metal, weld and hot zone should not exceed 250 HV10. The hardness of the sour service pipe is more strict, because the hardness value has a greater impact on HIC. The research shows that the higher the material strength, the greater the hardness, the stronger the HIC sensitivity in low and medium strength steel.
Ceramic lined pipe is made through self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) technique.
Cast basalt lined steel pipe is composed by lined with cast basalt pipe, outside steel pipe and cement mortar filling between the two layers.
Ceramic tile lined pipes have very uniform coating of specially formulated ceramic material that is affixed to the inner of the pipe.
The material of the rare earth alloy wear-resistant pipe is ZG40CrMnMoNiSiRe, which is also the grade of rare earth alloy steel.
Tubes Erosion Shields are used to protect boiler tubing from the highly erosive effects of high temperatures and pressures thereby greatly extending tube life.
The ASTM A213 T91 seamless tubes are primarily used for boiler, superheater, and heat-exchanger.
